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Twee Ape
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Pieter Bruegel the Elder transformed observations of daily existence into complex visual parables. As a new exhibition at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna marks the 450th anniversary of his death, Kelly Grovier explores the elusive symbolism of one of the artist’s more deceptively straightforward paintings.
It is one of the most riddling paintings in all of art history: a pair of white-collared monkeys shackled to an iron ring beneath an archway in the extreme foreground of a small oak panel. Behind the hapless creatures, a veil of luminous mist rises from the harbour below, blurring to a hazy dream the spire-pronged skyline of the Flemish port city, Antwerp. One of the red-capped mangabeys gawps at us with eyes as wide as saucers and an impish grin. The other, half-turned, crouches despondently, as if admonished by our stare. Shards of an empty nutshell litter the cramped alcove that is the pair’s prison cell – a transitory, threshold space that at once bridges and separates the world we inhabit, outside the picture, and the idealised realm that beckons in the distance.
The painting likely drew inspiration from Gentile da Fabriano's Adoration of the Magi, where two monkeys are similarly chained under the central arc. Simultaneously paralleling and reinventing the meaning of the monkeys in Gentile’s work, Bruegel used the chained monkeys to symbolize the follies of men and how they chain themselves and each other, according to art critic Kelly Grovier. Margaret A. Sullivan of Montana State University corroborates, stating that “the two monkeys are seen as a fundamental resemblance” to another of Bruegel’s paintings, Dull Gret (Mad Meg).
Bruegel's style firmly aligns with the traditions of the Northern Renaissance. He employs meticulous detail and realistic representation, hallmarks of the period. The painting showcases his mastery of oil painting techniques, particularly glazing – layering thin washes of color to create depth and luminosity. Impasto, the application of thick paint, is evident in the rendering of the monkeys’ fur and the weathered texture of the window frame, adding a tactile quality to the work.
The linear structure of the arched window contrasts with the organic shapes of the monkeys themselves, creating visual interest. The perspective is somewhat flattened, which contributes to the painting’s overall sense of intimacy and draws attention to the central figures.
“Two Monkeys” operates on multiple symbolic levels. The chained monkeys are widely interpreted as representing humanity's subjugation, whether to oppressive forces or internal struggles. The contrast between their confinement and the vibrant landscape beyond symbolizes the inherent human desire for freedom and a better life. Some scholars suggest the painting reflects the anxieties of its time – a period marked by religious upheaval and political unrest in the Netherlands.
The inclusion of Antwerp, a thriving commercial center, adds another layer of complexity, suggesting a critique of societal structures that prioritize profit over compassion.
Emotionally, the image evokes feelings of sadness and despair, prompting viewers to reflect on the nature of captivity and the universal longing for freedom. The monkeys’ expressions – one withdrawn in resignation, the other confronting the viewer with an almost accusatory gaze – are deeply affecting. “Two Monkeys” stands as a testament to Bruegel’s ability to imbue seemingly simple scenes with profound meaning. It remains a powerful and enduring work of art, continuing to resonate with audiences centuries after its creation and solidifying Pieter Bruegel the Elder's place as one of the most important artists of the Northern Renaissance.
The painting is now in the Gemäldegalerie (Painting Gallery) of the Berlin State Museums.
1525 - 1569 , België