Defendente Ferrari: Bridging Gothic Darkness and Renaissance Light Defendente Ferrari (c. 1490 – 1540) stands as a pivotal figure in the artistic landscape of Piedmont during the transition from late Gothic traditions to the burgeoning Renaissance movement. Born in Turin, Italy, he emerged from the workshop of Giovanni Martino Spanzotti, arguably the most prominent painter in western Piedmont at the time—a testament to his formative t…