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Abdülhamid Ii.

early life and reign Abdulhamid II, Ottoman sultan from 1876 to 1909, under whose autocratic rule the reform movement of Tanzimat (Reorganization) reached its climax and who adopted a policy of pan-Islamism in opposition to Western intervention in Ottoman affairs. He was deposed after the Young Turk Revolution.He was born in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in 1842, the son of Tîr-î-Müjgan Kadınefendi, a Tscherkessin of the Schapsug

en Stamm and Sultan Abdülmecid I. His mother died shortly after his birth, and he was subsequently raised by Perestû, the Sultan’s wife.He received an extensive education in Arabic, Persian, Islamic theology and Ottoman history, fostering a lifelong appreciation for classical European music and opera.His ascension to the throne followed a coup d'état against Abdülaziz in August 1876 orchestrated by a coalition of high officials, office…