Chitarman II (Kalyan Das): A Master of Mughal Portraiture Chitarman II, also known as Kalyan Das, stands as a pivotal figure in the artistic landscape of 18th-century India—a testament to the enduring legacy of Mughal patronage and artistic innovation. Born around 1680 in New Delhi during a period marked by significant upheaval within the empire following Aurangzeb’s reign, Chitarman II emerged from obscurity into prominence as one of the most celebrated court artists under Emperor Muhammad Shah (r. 1719–48). His career spanned nearly four decades, leaving an indelible mark on Mughal visual…