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Weitergeleitet von Salvador Dali



Salvador Dalí (* 11. Mai 1904 in Figueras; † 23. Januar 1989 in Figueras, Spanien) war ein surrealistischer Maler, Schriftsteller, Bildhauer, Bühnenbildner und Schauspieler. Salvador Dali

Salvador Dalí zählt zu den bedeutendsten Surrealisten und wird als einer der großen Meister des 20. Jahrhunderts gesehen. Sein künstlerisches Schaffen weist ihn zu einem der kreativsten Maler seines Jahrhunderts aus. Seine häufigste Thematik ist die Welt des Raums, des Rausches, des Fiebers und der Religion. Oft findet man in seinen Gemälden seine Frau wieder.

Salvador Felip Jacint Dalí Domènech wurde am 11. Mai 1904 in der Calle Monturiol in Figueras, eine Stadt in der Provinz Gerona, im Norden Spaniens als Sohn eines angesehenen Notars geboren. Der Name Salvador war ursprünglich seinem Bruder gegeben worden. Dieser war jedoch drei Jahre vor Dalís Geburt gestorben. Bis zur Geburt seiner Schwester Ana Maria war Salvador das einzige Kind der Familie. Durch die bürgerliche Gesellschaft und die Erziehung seines Vaters prägte sich bei Salvador ein Wunsch nach Sicherheit und ein Ordnungssinn aus, der für sein späteres Leben bestimmend sein sollte.

Von 1914 bis 1918 wurde Salvador Dalí in der Akademie der Brüder vom Maristenorden in Fingueras erzogen. Dort beschäftigte er sich vor allem mit seiner Persönlichkeit, die er durch sein äußeres Erscheinungsbild widerzuspiegeln versuchte.

1921 beschloss Salvadors Vater, nachdem Salvador eine erfolgreiche Ausstellung seiner Bilder in Figueras hatte, ihn auf die Schulakademie in Madrid zu schicken. Dort entdeckte er eine völlig neue Lebensart, die er mit Verzückung annahm. In Madrid lernte er Luis Bunuel, Federico Garcia Lorca und Pedro Garfias kennen.

1922 bekannte er sich zu den Lehren der "Methaphysischen Schule" der Malerei, die von Giorgio de Chiricos und Carlo Carrà geführt wurden. Aufgrund einer Rebellion wurde Salvador ein Jahr von der Akademie ausgeschlossen.

1924 kam es in Katalonien zu Unruhen, bei denen Salvador Dalí zu Unrecht als Anführer angeklagt und verurteilt wurde. Er wurde mit einem zweiten Verweis von der Akademie und später sogar mit Gefängnis bestraft.

1925 kehrte er an die Madrider Akademie zurück. Hier widmete er sich vor allem den Schriften des Psychiaters Sigmund Freud. Dalís erste Einzelausstellung realisierte er in der Galerie Dalmau, Barcelona und die Beurteilung der lokalen Kunstkritiker fiel durchaus positiv aus. Danach reiste er nach Paris, um Picasso zu besuchen.

1926 wurde Salvador endgültig von der Kunstakademie verwiesen. Später offenbarte er in seiner zweiten Einzelausstellung Einflüsse vom Kubismus und den Werken Picassos.

1928 wurden im Cornegie Institute von Pittsburg in Amerika die beiden Bilder von Dalí "Ana Maria" und "Sitzendes junges Mädchen von hinten" erstmalig ausgestellt.

1929 unternahm Dalí seine zweite Reise nach Paris, bei der er sich der Gruppe der Surrealisten von Paris anschloss. Später in diesem Jahr besuchten ihn André Breton, René Magritte, Paul Eluard und dessen Frau Helena Eluard, genannt Gala, eine russische Immigrantin, die 10 Jahre älter war als Dalí, in die sich Salvador unsterblich verliebte. Gala blieb bei ihm. Dalí und Gala hielten sich später an der Côte d´Azur auf, wo sie ein Haus kauften.

In der Zeit von 1927 bis 1979 beteiligte sich Dalí an verschiedenen Illustrationen, schrieb Bücher und eine Autobiografie, drehte Filme, malte Bilder und veranstaltete Ausstellungen. Im Jahr 1932 ließ sich Gala offiziell von ihrem Mann Paul Eluard scheiden. 1958 heiratete Salvador Dalí Gala kirchlich. Im Jahre 1964 wurde Dalí mit einem der höchsten Orden Spaniens, dem Großkreuz der Königin Isabella von Spanien ausgezeichnet. 1973 wurde das Dalí-Museum in seiner Geburtsstadt Figureas eröffnet.

1982 starb seine Frau Gala. Seit 1983 wohnte Dalí allein und zurückgezogen in seinem Schloss Publo, wo im Mai des Jahres sein letztes Gemälde "Der Schwalbenschwanz" entstand. Sein Gesundheitszustand erlaubte ihm keine größeren Anstrengungen mehr. 1986 erlitt Dalí bei einem Feuer in seinem Schlafzimmer schwere Verbrennungen. Am 23. Januar 1989 starb Dalí in seinem Geburtsort Figueras in Spanien.


Gemälde (Auswahl)


Foto aus dem Dalí-Museum in Figueras

1929 Das traurige Spiel

1931 Die Beständigkeit der Erinnerung (Museum of Modern Art, New York)

1932 Die Geburt des flüssigen Verlangens (Sammlung Guggenheim, Venedig)

1935 Die brennende Giraffe

1936 Weiche Konstruktion mit gekochten Bohnen

1936 Morphologisches Echo (Dalí Museum, Cleveland, Ohio)

1937 Der Schlaf

1946 Die Versuchung des Heiligen Antonius (Brüssel, Museés Royaux)

1954 Die Auflösung des Beharrens der Erinnerung (Dalí Museum, Ohio)

1954 Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus), siehe auch unter Tesserakt

1978 Baisantoije Empordanes

Salvador Dalí ist der einzige Künstler, für den es bereits zu Lebzeiten zwei Museen gab, die ausschließlich seinen Werken gewidmet waren. Das erste Museum, das „Dalí Museum" in St. Petersburg in Florida wurde im Jahr 1971 von dem Dalí Sammler A. Reynolds Morse und seiner Frau Eleanor gegründet. Die Sammlung wurde zuerst in einem Gebäude in der Nähe ihrer Residenz in Cleveland/Ohio ausgestellt. Im Jahr 1982 zog das Museum nach St. Petersburg in Florida um. Es beherbergt 95 Ölgemälde, einschließlich sechs der insgesamt 18 großformatigen Historiengemälde Dalís.

Das zweite Museum, das „Dalí Museum-Theater" in seiner Heimatstadt Figueres in Spanien war das frühere Theater der kleinen Gemeinde und wurde zu einem Museum umgebaut. Im Jahr 1918 war dort Dalís erste Ausstellung zu sehen. Er war damals 14 Jahre alt.

 


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